Arabic Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arabic Culture - Essay Example he gender division of roles, responsibilities and resources within the household play an important role in shaping what men and women are able to do beyond the household. Islamic texts and traditions lie at the heart of Arab cultural conventions. Critics have seized upon the way that the exact interpretation of religious doctrines varies from state to state, and stress that it is important to reflect on who is making the rules for gender roles and activities, namely men, and how little real choice women have. The definition of what is a matter of culture and religion, and what is a matter of human rights is contentious. Handrahan, for example, compares the human rights offences which occurred in apartheid South Africa with the treatment of women in Arabian culture and describes the Arabian situation as â€Å"gender apartheid† (Handrahan 9) The absence of equal voting rights for women is quite obviously matter of serious discrimination and it attracts condemnation from critics both inside and outside Arabia. A woman’s identity in Arabian culture and society is constructed, in the very first place, on the basis of men’s superiority. Such discriminated gender growth is justified on both cultural and religious basis. In a rigidly religious society, men’s superiority and women’s dependency on men are ratified by the following verse of the Holy Quran: â€Å"Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient, and guard in (the husbands) absence what Allah would have them guard† (Quran  4:34). Indeed this verse is one of many from the Holy Quran that the clerics of the society manipulate to enact rules, regulations and laws that slaughter women’s equality to men. Some of these rules and regulations are male guardianships, Namus, Purdah, Dress codes, sexual segregation, etc. One of the common aftermaths

First Opium War Essay Example for Free

First Opium War Essay In 1899, right after the First Opium War, China was under the control of European powers and Japan, Qing Dynasty was so weak that hardly could defeat these powers. Each of these powers found out that China was a country which owned variety of resource. Therefore, all of them wanted to trade with China to earn more benefit and robbed various parts of coastal places, unfold Chinese territorial and Administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of inference in China. John Hay, the private secretary to Abraham Lincoln, the person who proposed the Open Door Policy. At that time, the United States was just finished the invasion of Philippine with Spanish and turned to China. They also had great interest in China and found out that China was the biggest market in the whole world. The Open Door Policy was declared base on this situation. Hay said,â€Å"Earnestly desirous to remove any cause of irritation and to ensure at the same time to the commerce of all nations in Chinashall enjoy perfect equality of treatment for their commerce and navigation within such spheres.† The purpose of writing the document was to reduce the power countries had gained from their spheres of influence. The United States had no spheres of influence in China because it had just recently taken interest in Asia. Therefore, John Hay sought to prevent other countries from having more power than the United States. Each power claimed exclusive privileges of investment, and other powers seek to monopolize the trade as well. As the Open Door Policy took into action, each power should have to follow the rule 1. Each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port or to any other vested interest within its sphere. 2. Only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade. 3. No great power having a sphere should be granted exemptions from paying harbor dues or railroad charges. This policy which showed above has obviously changed both China and the United States. From the United States, they found the biggest market in the whole world which is China. Before America was unable to trade with China and didn’t have time to care about China. No later than they defeated Spain in Philippine. They turned their sight to China, a huge market for trade which had been untapped and allowed America to gain a financial foothold in China. This decision can give them earn the most benefit. United States became China’s largest partner. Therefore, although the tax they need to pay was as the same as all the other powers, they occupied the most market of China, which means they were the largest earner between China and European power. By the way, it was the first time for the United States to expend their market to Asia. It has laid a good foundation for the commercial intercourse between America and China several decades later. On the other hand, this policy has changed China a lot, even much more than America. During that period China was nominally controlled by Qing Dynasty, but actually almost half land of China was invaded by foreign country and divided by France, German, British, Italy, Russia, Japan, and the United States, we call these eight countries as Eight-Power Alliance. Anyway, China was a country with half colonization and half feudalism. Each power was interested in the huge benefit in China. But they all had a fear with others. None of them dared to become the first. As the Open Door Policy proposed by America, the entire problem has been solved. Everyone got the same right to trade with China and had to pay the tax. It looks like everyone received what they want except China. However, just the opposite, China has occupied a huge change during this period. First, it has increased the trade of China and help to develop the economics of China. After the First Opium War, that was the weakest period of China. Drug has poisoned this huge country suffer from paining. Open Door Policy gave China a chance to develop them. Second, this policy gave China to advocate an impartial system of taxation set up a system of equal trading rights, which also helped to prevent European Power and Japan divided China into separate colonies, also intended to lower taxes and gave America an equal chance to trade with China. Third, the United States was the biggest partner effectively stopped countries from colonizing China; this helped to keep China a united, sovereign nation. In recent years, China has developed much faster than before. In 1978, the president Deng Xiaoping took office, China formally cooperated with America. It can be said as America helped to increase China’s economic. The development of trade gives both China and America pretty much benefit. Finally, the Open Door Policy is the most important policy during the whole that period. Without that policy, maybe China would be divided into several parts. Open Door Policy give America more benefit, but actually the biggest earner is China.

Hiram Ulysses Grant :: essays research papers

Hiram Ulysses Grant was born near Pleasant Point, Ohio, on April 27, 1822. His parents were Hannah Simpson and Jesse Grant. Jesse Grant was the owner of a tannery. He was shy boy while growing up. At the age of one year he was taken to Georgetown where he was educated at local and boarding schools. He graduated 21st in a class of 39, from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1843 where he had enrolled under the name of Ulysses Simpson Grant. He was assigned to Jefferson Barracks, MO, where he met Julia Dent. They married after the Mexican War in 1848. Grant served in the Mexican War under the name of Gen. Zachary Taylor and Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1854 while stationed at Fort Humboldt, California, Grant resigned his commission because of loneliness and drinking problems. He spent the following years in unsuccessful farming and business ventures in Missouri. He moved to Galena, Illinois, in 1860 where he worked in his father’s leather shop. Grant was appointed colonel and soon afterward brigadier general of the Illinois volunteers at the outbreak of the Civil War. Grant wanted to fight for the Union. He was an officer of dogged determination and won a series of brilliant victories. On one occasion, the commander of a Confederate fort asked on what terms Grant would accept his surrender. "No terms," he replied, "except an unconditional and immediate surrender." From then on he was known as "Unconditional Surrender Grant" since his initials were U.S. On March 8, 1864, President Lincoln made him commander of all the Union forces. Grant helped to bring the war to an end in a little over a year. In 1868 Grant was elected Republican president of the United States. Although Grant was a wonderful soldier, he made a poor president. He was honest, but some of those he appointed to high office were not. They caused financial difficulties for the government and the country. He was not blamed for this and was reelected in 1872.

How Does Divorce Affect Children? Essay

How divorce can affect children and teens while growing up in today’s society. Most of the information is gathered from parents and their observations of their children, but parents who have had marital problems may have an altered psychological well being and therefore affect the results negatively. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry) Children from divorced families are on â€Å"average† somewhat worse off than children who have lived in intact families. These children have more difficulty in school, more behavior problems, more negative self-concepts, more problems with peers, and more trouble getting along with their parents. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) It is likely that children of divorced parents experience more difficulty in school than those with intact families, but this information is difficult to gather as students’ marks are so personal. Most commonly, children had trouble in five categories, behavioural problems, parental loss, emotional and psychological problems, economic difficulties and future relationship difficulties. The literature that was selected were summaries or direct results of studies conducted on children with divorced parents. This review is divided into five sub-categories of observed trends. The literature that is included is mainly that which is written by Americans about children in the United States. Canadian studies are much harder to find online as most websites are American-based. Behavioural Problems Parental divorce was the strongest predictor of children’s behavioral problems. They were reported to have various behavioral and emotional problems, aggressive behavior, withdrawal, and social problems. Children of divorce were almost 12 times more likely to present behavioral problems than those from intact families. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Xianchen Liu) On a measure of behavioral problems, Hetherington (1993) reports that 90% of adolescent boys and girls in intact families were within the normal range on problems and 10% had serious  problems that would generally require some type of help. The percentages for divorced families were 74% of the boys and 66% of the girls in the normal range and 26% of the boys and 34% of the girls were in the problematic range. MOST children in divorced families do not need help, but MORE children in this group than in intact families are likely to need help (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) Among teenage and adult populations of females, parental divorce has been associated with precocious sexual activity and greater delinquent-like behavior. Adolescent girls who had experienced parental divorce when they were younger than six or between six and nine years old reported becoming involved with alcohol or drugs in proportions higher than did girls from intact families. (How Divorce Affects Children, Mitchell Miller) Parental Loss Having supportive adults is very beneficial for children. With this loss, children also lose the knowledge, skills and resources (emotional, financial, etc.) of that parent. In terms of which children are better off, the findings suggest that children between 5 and 12 years of age may do the best and children younger and older may have more difficulties. Another implication of the parental loss hypothesis is that frequency of contact with non-custodial parent should be associated with children’s well being. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) Emotional and Psychological Problems Divorce often results in many changes in children’s living situations such as changing schools, child care, homes, etc. Children often also have to make adjustments to changes in relationships with friends and extended family members. These changes create a more stressful environment for children. There is also evidence that indicates that children whose parents divorce more than once are worse off than children whose only experience one parental divorce. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) One of the biggest fears for children is change. With added stress to a child’s life, it can have a negative effect on their emotional stability.  Children fear that if they have lost one parent, they may lose the other. They may blame themselves, feel unlovable, or unsafe. (Focus on Kids: The Effects of Divorce on Children, Karen DeBord, Ph.D.) Parental divorce had adverse and pervasive impacts on children’s mental health across a variety of outcomes. Females often have lower self-esteems as a result. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Xianchen Liu) Economic Difficulties Due to limited economic resources, children in single-parent families may have more difficulties. It is very well documented that single parent families headed by mothers have less income than most two-parent families and there is a common belief that many of the difficulties experienced by children are the result of the economic difficulties experienced in these families. It might also be expected that since fathers typically have more economic resources and because getting remarried usually results in higher incomes, children in these families would be better off, but they are not automatically healthier. (The Effects of Divorce on Children, Robert Hughes Jr.) Money, or lack of it, becomes a problem. Child support payments and financial assistance place a monetary strain on one or both parents, which directly affects the children. (Children & Divorce: The Effects of Divorce on Children, Divorce Source) There were significant differences of family income between divorced and intact families, which has been reported to be associated with both divorce and children’s behavioral problems. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Xianchen Liu) Future Relationship Difficulties Studies show that ten years after their parents’ divorce, 30% of the children cope successfully in life, while 40% have mixed successes with relationships, and personal problems. The remaining 30% continue to struggle with significant relationship and personal problems. Some children remain angry with their parents or reject the departing parent. Some remain sad  over the divorce and long for the absent parent or hold unreal idealized memories of their lives before the divorce. Others feel â€Å"needy† with an increased concern for loyalty, security, and commitment in relationships. (Divorce and its Effects of Children, Barbara Cyr) Females often have difficulty establishing gratifying, lasting adult heterosexual relationships. (How Divorce Affects Children, Mitchell Miller) The information contained in The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry by Xianchen Liu, is quite extensive and gives an incredible amount of statistics of divorced children and families living in China. This information can be applied to western civilization as well because of the great influence it has on eastern countries. The article entitled The Effects of Divorce on Children by Robert Hughes Jr. is insightful as it gives specific summaries on many factors that contribute to negative effects on children of divorce and excellent references. All information sources seemed to present similar findings and none were found to contradict each other or give incorrect information. Because there has been such extensive research done on the topic of divorce, many researchers have drawn the same conclusions and acquired accurate statistics. More and more families are having marital problems resulting in divorce and this leads children to often require outside help in adjusting and continuing life in healthy household. At times, family counselors, therapists and social workers are required to assist families and especially children to cope through these difficult times. With the help of these individuals, it is possible that children will grow up more capable of developing their own healthy relationships in the long run.

Anger Management in the Health Care Workplace Essay

Health professionals carry out stressful activities on a daily basis. Nurses, doctors, and health workers’ environments involve a multitude of tasks, all to be done with amidst the stress of time, communicating with patients, and dealing with life and death situations. Besides individuals, health care work involves effectively integrating with the health organization, community expectations and government support. Breakdown of these systems is part of the health care work and is better to be viewed in a positive light. â€Å"A commentary suggests that conflict is a natural part of the human experience, especially in organizations. The intent of collaboration should not be agreement, but the ability for everyone to express their opinions no matter how disagreeable those opinions may seem. When people feel free to disagree, more ideas are put on the table, which can lead to more discoveries and to quantum leaps in improvement and innovation.† (Caudron, 1999) However, it is imperative to approach conflict management between health professionals using professional tools. The usual response of people under stress while reacting to opponents can be described in four responses. Angered people attack their adversaries by lashing out at them in the aim of either hurting the other party or protecting their interests. Some persons just merely avoid the conflict and start to ignore the other party. â€Å"Modern team-building experts say that the avoidance of conflict is the surest way to non-functional teams.† (Beck, 1998)   Sometimes, there is softening where conflicting parties pretend that everything is ok when its really not. And the last reaction to conflict is resolution where parties are able to resolve the conflict and find a point of unity once again. Health care professionals do not work as a single unit. High levels of teamwork are required in carrying out health care effectively and efficiently. Effective communication will help health professionals cope up with conflicts brought about by stress in the workplace. â€Å"Whether a manager is motivating the staff to increase sales or leading a team through a problem-solving process, effective communication is critical. Supportive language fosters a positive working climate, while negative or evaluative language can cause conflict and defensiveness.† (Aubrey, 1992) Different kinds of conflicts can be found in the workplace. â€Å"Task-oriented conflicts focus on the process the team will use to achieve its goals or its mission. People-oriented conflicts arise out of personality conflicts, struggles for leadership, and just plain rudeness by one member to another.† (Anonymous, 1996) But all conflicts can be resolved in due time with openness and processes to guide the management of conflict. One of these conflict management theories is elaborated by Montebello. Describing the conflict is the first step to resolving it. This step is a sure constructive way in getting all the parties’ help and goal to resolve the conflict. Describing the conflict makes the chaos stop. Conflicts found in health care are usually ridden with lots of emotions that conflicting parties need to take a different point of view first and get out of the situation in order to become more objective of the situation at hand. Once the conflict is described, exploring possible causes is the next process. The listening component is important in this level because parties need to hear out each other’s perspectives and hopefully try to understand the other party’s position. Health workers are good listeners and they will be integral to this part of conflict resolution. When the parties go to the stage where they start to give possible solutions, they get into the negotiating phase. Negotiation must be approached in a positive way. Through negotiation, everyone’s ideas are articulated and either supported or rejected by the parties. This process is crucial because when solutions do not pass through negotiations, they are more likely to fail and therefore the last step, which is to take action, will not be done in committed manner. Taking action leads to the actual solving of the conflict. Health care professionals will be able to work efficiently once more with regular conflict management. Conflict management is like oil to a machine. References: Anonymous. 1996.  How to cope with conflicts within the team. Getting Results †¦ for the Hands – On Manager:   C.  Saranac Lake:  Apr 1996.Vol.  41,  Iss.  4;  Ã‚  pg.  1,  1  pgs Aubrey, Charles A II,  Felkins, Patricia K.  Incentive.  1992. Team talk: How language and listening improve teamwork New York:  Dec 1992.Vol.  166,  Iss.  12;  Ã‚  pg.  51,  4  pgs Beck, Joe. 1998.  The failure to confront   Occupational Health & Safety.  Waco:  Jul 1998.Vol.  67,  Iss.  7;  Ã‚  pg.  20,  3  pgs Caudron, Shari. 1999.  Productive conflict has value   Workforce.  Costa Mesa:  Feb 1999.Vol.  78,  Iss.  2;  Ã‚  pg.  25,  3  pgs

Tortilla Curtain essays

Tortilla Curtain essays Tortilla Curtain is a very interesting book that has realistic views. It clearly illustrates the real problems that surround the daily life of Americans and illegal immigrants on the Mexican border. It shows the reader the problems the Mexicans and Americans face every day. The novel illustrates to us the differences and the conflicts between the two groups. The novel does not take a particular stand on the issue of illegal immigration however. Instead, it tells the story from an objective point of view. The reader gets to know both the Mexican couple and the American couple. The novel contrasts their lives and uncovers their feelings to the reader. It is very unclear however, if the author has any opinions about the above issue, because he never mentions his point of view. Also, he covers it up by presenting all opposing views with equal power, so that the reader cannot tell who has a stronger argument. The Mexicans in the novel face problems like racism, finding work, and even finding food to eat. Candido and America have no dwelling in the novel, this is often a real problem for the poor Mexican immigrants who live near the border. Racism is a big issue in the novel. For example, when Delaney sees Mexicans, he has a feeling of disgust every time and thinks that they did something wrong. The novel however stereotypes the characters in the novel. There are no white characters that are poor and no Mexicans that are prominent. In reality this happens often and is common in some places in the U.S. There are plenty of rich Mexicans and poor Caucasians living in some areas of the United States. Tortilla Curtain gives the reader a good realistic perspective of the situation on the Mexican border. It reveals the daily life of Mexicans and Americans in that region and shows how the two groups confront each other. With the exception of a few things the novel is truthful and modern. ...

Ataque imperialista contra Irak essays

Ataque imperialista contra Irak essays Los ms importantes ataques areos estadounidenses desde la guerra del Golfo, en enero de 1991, golpearon a Irak en enero y junio de 1993 y en septiembre de 1996. Entre tanto, como en febrero de este an de la diplomacia estadounidense ante lo que se presenta a la opinin pà ºblica internacional como continuos desafà ­os de Saddam Hussein. Para esa salida tiene siempre el apoyo incondicional de Gran Bretan en el gobierno. Los tres primeros ataques tras la guerra del Golfo, en enero de 1993, fueron ordenados por el presidente George Bush; ms tarde, ese mismo as comprobado plan del servicio secreto iraquà ­ para matar a Bush, atentado que serà ­a cometido durante una visita a Kuwait. Tres as tarde, a pesar de las crà ­ticas y la oposicin de rusos, rabes y franceses, Clinton "castig" una invasin de tropas iraquà ­es en la zona de exclusin del norte del paà ­s -supuesta proteccin para los kurdos- con 44 misiles. El apoyo rabe a las fuerzas internacionales que intervinieron en la operacin "Tormenta del desierto", en 1991, no fue por cierto circunstancial. Provino bsicamente de las monarquà ­as del golfo Prsico que reaccionaron ante el cambio de fronteras impuesto unilateralmente por Irak -al invadir a Kuwait- y estaba dirigido a defender sus intereses petroleros. Hace siete a fracturar al Islam, unido desde entonces slo para defender la causa palestina. Intentos estadounidenses ms recientes por una solucin exclusivamente militar tuvieron -como a c...

Compound Tenses of the French Verb Prendre

Compound Tenses of the French Verb Prendre Prendre, which  primarily means to take both literally and figuratively, is a general, all-purpose verb  thats  one of the most frequently used in the French language. Its conjugation is irregular  in both the simple and compound forms,  although it has a following of other verbs ending in -prendre, such as apprendre (to learn),  that are conjugated in the same way.   Prendre is also found in a number of idiomatic expressions, such as prendre sa retraite  (to retire), prendre une decision (to make a decision) and the informal prendre a pot (to have a drink). Other Meanings of Prendre In addition to take, the French verb has several other meanings, from catch (as in, I caught him cheating) to be successful (as in, This book is going to be a great success). The reflexive form se prendre  also has several possible meanings, beginning with to consider oneself (something).   The French equivalent of to take is most often prendre,  in the sense of to move something physically from one place to another, to  take transportation,  to take something to eat or to take a size (number). But there are other French verbs as well that mean to take.  Amener,  for instance,  means to take someone or something  with you.  Enlever signifies to take something  off. And  passer un examen means to take a test.   Compound conjugations of  prendre use the auxiliary verb avoir.  To conjugate other verbs that need  avoir  as the  auxiliary verb  in  compound tenses, replace the  past participle  in these conjugations with the past participle of the new verb. Other verbs take  Ãƒ ªtre as the auxiliary verb.   Compound Conjugations of Prendre Pass compos Pluperfect Past subjunctive j ai pris avais pris aie pris tu as pris avais pris aies pris il a pris avait pris ait pris nous avons pris avions pris ayons pris vous avez pris aviez pris ayez pris ils ont pris avaient pris aient pris Future perfect Conditional perfect Pluperfect subjunctive j aurai pris aurais pris eusse pris tu auras pris aurais pris eusses pris il aura pris aurait pris et pris nous aurons pris aurions pris eussions pris vous aurez pris auriez pris eussiez pris ils auront pris auraient pris eussent pris Past anterior Conditional perfect, 2nd form j eus pris eusse pris tu eus pris eusses pris il eut pris et pris nous emes pris eussions pris vous etes pris eussiez pris ils eurent pris eussent pris Past imperative Past infinitive Perfect participle (tu) aie pris avoir pris ayant pris (nous) ayons pris (vous) ayez pris Additional Resources Simple tensesFrench verb conjugator

Messiah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Messiah - Essay Example There is also the idea of a new Moses found in Deuteronomy, a relatively early work. In Deuteronomy 18 v 15 he tells the Israelites â€Å"The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your brothers. You must listen to him.’ Earlier in the scriptures , as far as the arrangement of the Hebrew scriptures is concerned, we have the idea of the messiah as a saviour in Genesis 3 v 15 , where God tells the serpent that the messiah will be a human. In Psalm 2 v 7 we are told however that he will be the Son of God. Christians believe that these apparently ideas were reconciled in the person of Jesus of Nazereth, Jesus Christ, as shown in passages such as Matthew 3 v 17 when God himself declares â€Å"This is my son† a fact declared even by unclean spirits ( Mark 3 v 11) when they cry out to Jesus â€Å"You are the Son of God.† There was also the idea that this messiah would be a sacrifice for the sins of the people, a sacrificial lamb, as in Isaiah 53 v 7. John the Baptist echoes this when he points out Jesus to the crowds near the Jordon â€Å"Look the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world.† ( John 1 v 29, Bible , N.I.V.). Right at the beginning of Jesus’ earthly ministry we read (John 1 v 41, New International Version) :- The first thing Andrew did was to find his brother Simon and tell him, â€Å"We have found the Messiah† (That is the Christ). Andrew is referring to a long cherished hope for a Messiah, often, but not always thought of as a king in the line of David. Matthew (1 v 1 ) gives the genealogy of Jesus, whom he calls the Christ, and this is traced back through David. As we have already considered there were a number of ideas at the time in... The paper describes some ideas of "messiah" that lived and live nowadays and different points of view by various nations. The idea of a saviour who was also a king is clearly shown in Isaiah, which begins â€Å"See, a king will reign in righteousness and rulers will rule with justice.† So the idea of a restored kingship was strongly linked with the restoration of the nation. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church the Spirit of God was at work preparing for the coming of the promised Messiah, during the time covered by the Old Testament period. This it says means that when the church reads the Old Testament Scriptures it should search through it to see what the Spirit is telling us about Christ, who will be â€Å"The consolation of Israel† and the â€Å"Redemption of Jerusalem†.It is believed that these ideas are based upon passages such as Isaiah â€Å"The Lord comforts his people and will have compassion on his afflicted ones.† Isaiah describes the kind of person this messiah would be, one with the Spirit of the Lord resting upon him. Jesus would later echo this when he stated â€Å"The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me†. It is claimed that God speaks in â€Å"the language of promise†. Early Christians see him as priest. This idea is perpetuated in Catholic thought and practice in the idea of the priests as being ‘in persona Christi’. This is said to mean that at ordination, in some mystical way, an ordinary person becomes empowered to do what Christ did , that is to change ordinary bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ.

Joining and Fastening Processes (Manufacturing Engineering Processes) Term Paper

Joining and Fastening Processes (Manufacturing Engineering Processes) - Term Paper Example These engineering materials in their raw form are extracted from their ores. These raw materials from ores are transformed into molten form through refining and reducing processes. The molten material is process through molds to produce commercial or industrial castings called ingots. These ingots are then processed through rolling to transform these into billets, rods and slabs suitable for marketing. These materials then undergo various manufacturing processes to obtain useful products in diverse range of sizes, shapes and forms desired by end user. According to Singh, these manufacturing processes are classified into six major categories: primary shaping processes, secondary shaping processes, metal forming processes, joining and fastening processes, surface finishing processes and processes to change characteristics and properties of materials (17). In this report, we would be focusing on joining and fastening processes required to assemble or join different parts of a product. T he process where two or more parts of the product are put together to achieve desired shape and function is called assembly, not to be confused with joining and fastening processes. In joining, different parts of the product are joined together to obtained desired function. ... A unique advantage of this process is the focus of heat in welding area ensuring less spread of heat thus reducing welding defect like warping and buckling. In addition, this concentration of heat increases the depth of welding and increases the welding speed of the process. Arc welding process consists of a heat source, shielding and a filler metal. The heat is produced through the electrical arcing between the two metals under contact (Zeilke 4). The power source is referred to as welding machine which may be electrical or mechanical. Shielding gas, fluxes or coatings are used to prevent the welding area from surroundings during the welding process. Generally, arc welding is divided into ten main types called Carbon Arc Welding, Submerged Arc Welding, Stud Arc Welding, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Electro-slag Welding, Plasma Arc Welding, Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Atomic Hydrogen Welding, Gas Tungsten Arc Welding and Electro-gas Welding. In Carbon Arc Welding, a pure graphite rod is us ed as non-consumable electrode to generate arc for producing heat. The welding can be made without or with introduction of filler metal. It can be further classified as single or twin carbon electrode welding. In Shielded Metal Arc Welding, a flux coated electrode is used to produce arc where the flux on the coated electrode fads off due to heat. In Submerged Arc Welding Process, a bare electrode is used as consumable electrode with flux feeder tube. The arc, electrode and molten pool remain submerged under granular flux to achieve homogenous welding across the structure. In Tungsten Arc Welding, a tungsten electrode as non-consumable electrode covered by shielding of an inert gas to prevent these from surroundings is used for welding.

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Executive Summary - Essay Example This has given rise to an â€Å"imperialistic form of a mindset† where the existing products are sold to the established markets in the global markets. By the maintaining the focus on the affluent consumers and some partner-organizations who participated actively in the formal economy, it implied that much of general consumer capabilities were being taken for granted. Low-income markets also referred to as the base of the economic triangle offers both tremendous opportunities to tap despite the unique challenges. In the recent years entrepreneurial firms from developing markets seem to have noted a loophole in the global market that when capitalized on can aid in the tapping of the untapped sectors of the market. Tapping on the opportunities and challenges at the base of the economic pyramid (Sirkin, Hemerling, & Bhattacharya, 1996, pp73). The opportunities linked with the market at the base of the economic pyramid are gradually becoming significant to both business managers a nd scholars. There is evidently more than meet the sight when considering the consumers having annual purchasing power parity of 1500 dollars or even less (Hymer, 1976, pp27). In fact, any business trying to find its footage in a new environment is bound to face quite a number of challenges. As a business strategy for new global ventures, entrepreneurs have been turning on to partner organizations for resources and expertise they are lacking (Stiglitz 2002, pp67). Just as is the requirement by most governments, it becomes indispensable that the new entrants in the global market have a corporate partner in the host country who will ensure market accessibility in the new economies. Moreover, the entrepreneurial firms that are entering the base of the pyramid strata of market economy have had to expand dramatically the field of potential alliance partners (Sharma & Vredenburg, 1998, pp729). According to the research work conducted, it is evident that the base of pyramid strategies that were successful relied so much on the partners who were non-traditional. Examples of such partners include the community groups, non-profit organizations, local or rather village level governments (Smith 1976, pp92). The strategies that turned out to be quite unsuccessful relied majorly on the traditional partners who included the national governments as well as the well-established local companies. This could be explained by the reasoning that the traditional partners are far removed as regards to the business knowledge of the low-income consumers (Ghoshal & Nohria 1989, pp327). Having a variety of non-corporate partners is also another strategy that has been employed by the entrepreneurial firms venturing into new global markets. These partners provide pertinent information as regards to the targeted customers and the general business environment that can be hardly found in the corporate sector. This process goes as far as the typical focus on the suppliers and customers. As post ulated by Hart and Sharma (2004), the greater the lack of certainty about what sought of knowledge is imperative, the more the importance of radical transaction is increased. This entails the ability to

Trade Theories assignment How Trade Shaped the World

Trade Theories How Trade Shaped the World - Assignment Example The policies that government made to protect business came in many forms and in varying degrees. State could use their power to finance new business, permit or disable monopolies, impose tariffs, prohibit a wide range of contraband, control labour, and if necessary blockade competing nation. The Europeans, the Asians and the Arabs all recognized the importance of shipping as a means to promote and protect export, though none took it as such an extreme as the European powers. On export power, the mercantilist policies were based on the notion that if a nation could expand its imports of gold by exporting goods, it would thereby deprive its rival nation of gold needed to protect a nation commerce, gold simply bought more protection. The argument persisted in Europe into 18th century until the convincing argument of Adam Smith and David Ricardo demonstrated the values of specialization and comparative economic advantage. A number of factors led to the decline and end of the great period of mercantilism. By 1860, England had dismantled its mercantilist legal structure and risen to power as the undisputed ruler of both the newly industrialized world and its seas. In the modern age, the mercantilist spirit has re-emerged in the form of numerous non-tariff barriers that the free market nation employ to protect very specific industries. The export/import licensing, quarantines, and trading blocs are now manifesting as mercantile protectionism. In many of the closed and semi closed economies of the world e.g. Cuba and China protection of domestic producers is still very strong (Bernstein, 2012) Free trade principles were broadly appealing in an export-driven colonial economy long before publication of Adams Smiths Wealth of Nation revolutionary patriot who mobilized against British imperial trade regulation. Dismantling colonial monopoly would

Answers QUESTION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answers QUESTION - Research Paper Example In making decision, bounded rationality was involved since vehicles are available from many locations, varied models and varied prices; however, time and funds are limited thus bounded rationality assisted in making a decision to buy a vehicle. Bounded rationality is the idea in decision-making, where rationality of persons is not directly comparable to their knowledge. The intelligence limitations and limited time affect their decision making (Gigerenzer 13). The final decision is to purchase Midsize Station Wagons; Toyota Prius v with 4 cyl, 1.8 L, Automatic (CVT), HEV, Regular (U.S Department of Energy 1-2). This is because it is affordable and among 2014 Most Fuel Efficient Cars. The decision is satisficing after making necessary research and choosing appropriate alternative regarding the new vehicle to purchase. Satisficing is a decision-making plan that aims for a suitable or sufficient consequence, rather than the most favorable solution (Weber 41). This is so since aiming for the most favorable solution may demand needless use of time, power and resources. Files might be stored in Noncontiguous locations when the disk is new and has not been defragmented. A file kept on disk can get fragmented that means that it is kept on non-contiguous segments. Noncontiguous data access is a contact that functions on data that is not categorized inside memory, file, or both (Savage 85). One instance of contiguous information in memory and noncontiguous data in file is a submission that keeps a 2D assortment in a file, and then afterward needs to interpret the one portion from every piece into a contiguous memory safeguard. In order to maximize access when the file information is contiguous, a reminiscence function can buffer the access in order that data access is implemented in memory and just one file write/read demand is essential(Savage 85).. Contiguous:

Competitive forces that affect pharmaceutical industry Essay

Competitive forces that affect pharmaceutical industry - Essay Example Porter’s five forces analysis is done on the industry in order to assess the level of competitiveness prevailing in the industry. The analysis comprehensively defines the extent of competition in every aspect of the industry that is covered in the analytical model. Each component of the model takes the competitiveness of the industry in that specific area into account and thus after the analysis of all the components, the overall attractiveness of the industry is assessed. Ultimately, the paper provides the conclusion of the five forces analysis conducted and the future prospects of the industry. There are a number of factors that influence the attractiveness and profitability of an industry and one of the most important factors is the competitiveness of that industry. Competition is highly important for the stabilization and survival of an industry. It is also one of the most important market forces that keeps the market prices stabilized. However, complete lack or excess of competition in an industry can prove to be harmful for the survival of an industry as well. In the complete lack of competition, there will be more room for monopoly and the firm or firms would be able to exploit their monopolistic position and in the case of high competition, the firms in the industry would be bound to offer competitive prices therefore the profitability of the firms would decline. This paper deals with the competitiveness in the pharmaceutical industry. In the United Kingdom, pharmaceutical industry is one of the biggest industries as it has made significant contributions to the GDP of the UK and also it is one of the industries with the most number of employments. In the year 2007, the industry had 72,000 employees. The trend of the growth of the industry has been positive and the overall sales of the pharmaceutical products rises from year to year. This industry is also directly responsible for the advancements in the research and

Answers QUESTION Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answers QUESTION - Research Paper Example In making decision, bounded rationality was involved since vehicles are available from many locations, varied models and varied prices; however, time and funds are limited thus bounded rationality assisted in making a decision to buy a vehicle. Bounded rationality is the idea in decision-making, where rationality of persons is not directly comparable to their knowledge. The intelligence limitations and limited time affect their decision making (Gigerenzer 13). The final decision is to purchase Midsize Station Wagons; Toyota Prius v with 4 cyl, 1.8 L, Automatic (CVT), HEV, Regular (U.S Department of Energy 1-2). This is because it is affordable and among 2014 Most Fuel Efficient Cars. The decision is satisficing after making necessary research and choosing appropriate alternative regarding the new vehicle to purchase. Satisficing is a decision-making plan that aims for a suitable or sufficient consequence, rather than the most favorable solution (Weber 41). This is so since aiming for the most favorable solution may demand needless use of time, power and resources. Files might be stored in Noncontiguous locations when the disk is new and has not been defragmented. A file kept on disk can get fragmented that means that it is kept on non-contiguous segments. Noncontiguous data access is a contact that functions on data that is not categorized inside memory, file, or both (Savage 85). One instance of contiguous information in memory and noncontiguous data in file is a submission that keeps a 2D assortment in a file, and then afterward needs to interpret the one portion from every piece into a contiguous memory safeguard. In order to maximize access when the file information is contiguous, a reminiscence function can buffer the access in order that data access is implemented in memory and just one file write/read demand is essential(Savage 85).. Contiguous:

New York and Caribbean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New York and Caribbean - Essay Example lationship between the Europeans and the Amerindian people was affected due to the policies that were put in place by the Europeans who also became the rulers in the region. The Europeans were quite aggressive and they changed the way of life of the people in North America. The paper is thus a reflection of the European settlement in the Caribbean and North America. The non indigenous communities including the Europeans settled in the region due to various reasons. One of the reasons for settling in the area was to spread Christianity. Christopher Columbus was a Christian of the catholic faith and he thought that it was his duty as a good Christian to spread the Christian religion (Cantwell & diZerega Wall, 2003). This led to the settlement of the missionaries in the region. The authorities in Spain were also for the idea of spreading the catholic faith and they sent missionaries who settled in the region. The missionaries from Spain were accompanied by the soldiers who were sent by the authorities. This led to the colonization of the indigenous people as the settlers stated forming the administrative units. The indigenous people were also forced to abandon their religious and cultural practices. The Europeans also intended to establish trade routes along the coastal region and hence leading to the settlement. T his is considering that the Euro peans at the time were mainly involved in trading activities. The coast areas were import for the trade as there were good habours a long the coastal area. The presence of the good habours indicated that the area was good for carrying out the trading activities. The economy of the region at the time was not good as the indigenous people were not actively engaged in economic activities. The explorers were able to come up with the conclusion that the region was not developed economically as compared to the other parts of Europe. Developing the region economically was therefore considered important as it would have

Assignment “Introduction to Leadership” Essay Example for Free

Assignment â€Å"Introduction to Leadership† Essay Leadership styles: When looking at leadership style I have to look at what as a manager I am good at and that has got me to the position as Manager and what I need to do to progress my team. Firstly I need to gain the respect of my team by treating everyone fairly. Leadership is defined as ‘the process in which an individual influences the group of individuals to attain a common goal’. The goal is attained by mutual cooperation and cohesive behaviour. A leader infuses a sense of positivity and directs others to reach the specified goal. A leader is someone who stands not only for his cause but takes responsibility and motivates other individuals also. There is a clear difference between being a manager and a leader. A leader is a motivation for others and inspires individuals to aim high and attain that aim. However a manager only supervises over his subordinates. Power naturally comes to a leader but that power is not a tool of leader. To be a good lead I have to look at the managers around me and what in my opinion makes them good or bad leaders and also if these are traits that I can adapt and use or ultimately will they be out of character for me and be counterproductive for me. Using the Paul and Kenneth Blanchard model of Situational Leadership:- Telling: this is where a person has low ability and low willingness maybe a new starter. This is the style I would use for a new starter who does not yet have the skills to operate independently. Selling: this is where a person would have low ability but high willingness. This style I would use on someone like Dave in the office he wants to do a good job but is of an age that he does not quite have the skills he needs but he more than makes up for that with his knowledge of the job. So I need to draw on his experience to help him achieve his goals. Participating: this is for a person will high ability and low willingness. This leadership style I would use on Becca as she has the ability but when things are going against her tends to try and hide from difficult circumstances so i would have a discussion with her and give her the support needed to get the job done. Delegating: this is for High ability and high willingness. This i am more than comfortable using on Ann and Mel as they have shown that they can comfortably do the tasks i set them. I have also set them individual tasks looking at how we can improve our day to day activities and ultimately make our lives easier in the long run. After doing the test I came down as someone who was fairly evenly spread of tell, selling and participating but who does not delegate this is something I have known about and my team has told me and something I can now begin to address Review of own leadership behaviour:- I am relatively new in the role of Sales office Manager. I have progressed from a role within the factory by doing an excellent job as a traffic planner. I took all the information gain by talking to people and being in the loop within the factory. I took in account what the factory could do and what our customer expectations were which allowed us to plan what was needed and by when to meet what the customer actually needed. Being new to the sales role I have had to take myself out the information loop and learn a new role. I have had to learn a new computer system and at the same time be the role model for my team. Whilst doing this I have made myself available for any problems the team has but have tried to show that I can do the job and also help team members who have been doing it for years. I currently have a team of five people all with varying abilities. I have two long serving members of staff one part time and two that started at the beginning of the year. With no two members of staff the same I have had to employ different leadership style i.e. with Dave he is coming up to retirement and I would say he was low on ability he has a high willingness to complete tasks set so with him I would employ the telling leadership style which was very similar with my two new starters but as the months progressed they both showed high ability but one was more willing to achieve than the other so with Becca I had to show a participating style of leadership and with Mel I am able to delegate more as she showed both high ability and high willingness. The factory as a whole is very unionised and whilst the majority of the staff are in the union they do generally like to get the job done and if this means working long stressful hours they do. When we are in these situations I will change my leadership style to match the situation where it be acting on their behalf to speak to people who they have issue with (maybe another member of staff or even customers) or by re-enforcing procedures that are there to make the lives easier or by finding courses that will ultimately give them the tools to make their jobs easier in the long run. I have spoken to members of the team and other managers around the office and all have said I try to do too much and that I need to â€Å"learn to delegate† and whilst this doesn’t come naturally to me (my preferred leadership style was telling and participating) I have taken their comments on board and have started to delegate a lot more around the team and focused on other areas within the team that would help them to improve and grow. I can improve myself as a leader by listening to others and taking advice and giving and receiving feedback and also by doing courses and re assessing myself to look at things from a different angle and point of view. Within the factory I am constantly being assessed and feedback given my goals are constantly moving but I personally need to delegate more to enable me to grow as a manager. I have also started to meet other Sales office managers within the group so I know that the job I have been doing whilst not exactly the same as other sites is very similar and I haven’t been doing that bad a job but perception is everything so I have to look at promoting myself with the site and also more importantly to other sites what I have to say has value and I can bring a lot to the table but I also have to look at the individuals within my team and look at their maturity levels and adapt my leadership to what is needed to each individual and also learn to delegate more.

J.p. Morgan :: essays research papers

J.P. Morgan Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My life on the whole has helped the whole country prosper. I give away so much money to great causes. I also help the government with monetary crises. I admit that I am very wealthy. But is having money a crime in this capitalist country? Definitely not. I obtained my wealth by hard work and dedication. I never once backstabbed or stepped on people to get what I wanted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have helped and continue to help companies that are in need of money. I have financed International Harvester, American Telephone and Telegraph, and General Electric. Without the money I gave these companies, they would never have existed. In essence, I have helped create great companies such as the above. How is this unethical?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only do I help companies; I help the government whenever possible. After the panic of 1893, I helped reorganize railroad companies such as Northern Pacific, Erie, Southern, and the Philadelphia and Reading. The government didn’t have the capital to aid these companies so I did because it needed to be done. Also, in 1895 I sold my firm’s $62 million government bond issues. Due to this, I helped end the gold shortage in the U.S. Treasury. In 1907 I loaned money to banks to keep them from closing after the panic of 1907. As shown above, I have aided the government several times out of the generosity that is in my heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helping the government and companies is good, but I wanted to give back to society. In order to do this, I decided to donate and help found public associations. I founded the Lying-In Hospital in New York City and gave a large sum of money to the Harvard Medical School. In addition, as an ardent Episcopalian, I gave a large portion of funds to build the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York City.

Is Alcohol Harmful To Our Life? :: essays research papers

So much information about adverse effects of alcohol is known. Yet, a large number of people condone what is known to them. Overlooking the negative effects of alcohol can turn the alcohol into a deadly weapon. Alcohol can cause deaths, diseases, and family problems. Alcohol can end your life in a matter of a second. According to,  ¡Ã‚ ° Alcoholism: New Insights on Old Problem, ¡Ã‚ ± more than 100,000 Americans die from alcohol related causes (1). In fact, alcohol related deaths are five times greater than the number killed by all illicit drugs combined. When a person imbibe an alcohol, he or she becomes disoriented. When people drive under this condition, they expose themselves to a great danger. In addition, women become more easily intoxicated from alcohol than men more (2). In result, women get themselves killed from an alcohol than males. Alcohol can also cause many diseases. When you drink too much of an alcohol, you get hallucinations and memory losses. Alcohol specifically affects the control centers of the brain (Valiant 337). If people do not get help for alcoholism, the condition could be debilitated. It could eventually lead to Korsakoff ¡Ã‚ ¯s syndrome of which symptoms would be mental confusion, hallucinations, and paralysis of hands and feet (Blum 337). This disease can get worse than they already have. Finally, alcohol can lead to poor family relationship.  ¡Ã‚ °Alcohol and Family ¡Ã‚ ± states that American research found that 49% of child abusers were drinking of the time of the offense and 34% were heavy drinkers (1). Alcoholics tend to abuse children just to make themselves feel better. In 1997, Institute of Alcohol Studies estimated that there are likely to be one million children in Britain living with a parent whose drinking has reached harmful levels (2). These innocent children get beaten everyday without knowing what is going on. There are many other things that have not been mentioned. There are more diseases caused by the alcohol which we still do not know today. The death rate on an alcohol is climbing every day.

Exxon Mobil Essay

Company Description Exxon mobile also know as Xom in the New York Stock Exchange is on of the largest producers of fossil fuels. Exxon engages in oil and gas exploration, production, supply, transportation and marketing in a global economy (Bloomberg). They hold over 13 billion barrels of oil in reserve. Exxon also has thirty eight refineries spread over 21 countries (Annual Report). The company also has a thought put capacity of 6. 3 million barrels of oil daily. Target MarketExxon has a huge target market in today’s economy. They not only provide to anyone driving a commercial motor vehicle but also to larger wholesalers. These wholesalers consist of smaller independent gas and service stations that do not have their own refineries. Xom also provides six hundred airports and two hundred seaports with fuel (Annual Report). These two markets consume a tremendous amount of fuel each year. This is a niche market for Xom because these airports and seaports can not use alternative energy in their endeavors. CompetitionAlthough Exxon is the largest fossil fuel producer they do have some competition with British Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell and Chevron. These companies’s do not have the same output as Xom, but some might say they are ahead in many ways. British petroleum (BP) has been doing a lot with alternative energy for the future unlike Exxon which has mainly focused on gasoline. Shell has also made some large landmarks in alternative energy like the use of sugar cane for fuels (Bloomberg). Competitive AdvantagesExxon Mobile conducts oil and gasoline exploration in every major accessible area in the world (Integrated Solutions). They also have the largest amount of financial capital for new research and exploration. Exxon is also the largest publically traded energy company in the world and serves over two hundred countries (Annual Report). They also have discipline and consistency which means that they continue to grow in the areas they feel necessary while holding back in others like alternative energy. Current ChallengesOne of the biggest challenges that Exxon faces is the huge increase in energy by new developing nations. By 2030 there is an estimated forty percent increase in energy. This poses a problem because Xom must learn to boost efficiency, develop new supplies while still managing environmental risks. That is the next challenge that they face managing environmental risks like mitigating global co2 emissions. They have started to face this problem already by investing in CO2Remove project. This project is set to develop ways to lower co2 emission and create new guidelines for the industry (Integrated Solutions). Exxon also faces challenges with alternative energy like wind power, ethanol and solar power. The last challenge is with nuclear power and its high cost particularly in the U. S. In the U. S the cost of nuclear energy highly exceeds the cost of coal and gas. There is also the problem of how to properly dispose of radioactive waste and safe control of nuclear material. Exxon also is having trouble opening new facilities because no one wants nuclear plants near them. Part II Exxon Mobil is the world’s largest publicly traded international oil and gas company, providing energy that helps underpin growing economies and improve living standards around the world. To be successful, ExxonMobil must be at the leading edge of competition in every aspect of our business. This requires that the Corporation’s substantial resources, including financial, operational, technological, and human, be employed wisely and evaluated regularly. The success of the company depends mainly on customer satisfaction. For this reason, it is good for a company like Exxon Mobil to have solid mission and vision statements to act as a guideline for the sales and services to be implemented by the company. The mission statement and vision statement are as follows: Mission Statement Exxon Mobil Corporation is committed to being the world’s premier petroleum and petrochemical company. To that end, we must continuously achieve superior financial and operating results while adhering to the highest standards of business conduct. These unwavering expectations provide the foundation for our commitments to those with whom we interact (Annual Report). Vision Statement -providing reliable, affordable energy supplies in a reasonable manner. -safely and reliably producing oil, natural gas, and hydrocarbon -finding and developing new supplies and products to bring to the market – maximizing resource and asset value -improving energy efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts -developing the next generation of scientists and engineers Strengths: The size of the Corporation is the most obvious strength for Exxon Mobil. Exxon Mobil is affiliated with over 200 countries and territories (Annual Report). There are 6. 1 billion shares and over 2. 5 million shareholders. Another strength of the company is the diverse workforce that allows them to achieve superior results. Exxon Mobil benefits from the cultural differences, knowledge, and skills of our employees who represent the diverse communities of the world. Weaknesses: There were three employee fatalities and five contractor fatalities since 2005. However, the company has learned from these incidents and is working hard at preventing such incidents in the future. Also, replacing the oil that is extracted from the locations is another weakness. They also face the challenge of continuing their pace of significant energy efficiency improvements year after year. Opportunities: ExxonMobil has a list of significant Arctic opportunities, with ongoing studies spanning the range of exploration, project assessment and planning, and technology development. We recognize that energy is vital to economic progress. Exxon Mobil is drilling in some of these areas, which helps boost their economy. Other such opportunities include the Canadian Beaufort Sea, West Greenland, and the Orphan Basin. Threats: Threats to Exxon Mobil include drilling restrictions, other independent companies, global warming. Managing the risks from increases in global greenhouse gas emissions is an important concern for ExxonMobil, industry and governments around the world. Exxon Mobil is living up to its vision and mission. They are the premiere gas and oil supplier of the world and do so while staying energy efficient and have very high standards of the functions of business. The company reaches out to its customers and strives to be as helpful and satisfying as possible. They are reliable and for the most part affordable. They continue to develop next generation technology and scientific practices. The company grows stronger each year. Part III Financial AnalysisThe financial analysis for Exxon Mobil Corporation seems to be in very strong financial position overall and when compared to the competition. The revenue for 2007 was reported at 404,552,000 with a net income of 40,610. When compared to BP, Shell, and Marathon it seems to dominate the market and the competition by a gross margin of 20. 8%, which was at least 5% above the nearest competitor and closest to the industry average of 25%. Exxon Mobil’s current ratio was 1. and was highest of the competition. The industry average is 1. 2, the higher the ratio number, and the better the ability to repay current loans. The debt to equity ratio of . 08 is considered extremely low and looked at as being very safe, and was the lowest of the competition. With such a strong performing company and profits come strong earnings, at $7. 35 per share earnings was one of the highest of the industry. Company comparisonWhen Exxon Mobil is compared to the competition it seems to be out performing the rest of the industry and is proven with the financial statements and ratios. This is definitely a great long term company to invest in, when compared to the competition in this industry. Part IV Strategy to Competitive Advantage- As global warming increases Exxon needs to go green. One strategy they need to have is a renewable energy producer, such as electricity from a carbon emitting utility. There are tons of opportunities to gain a competitive advantage by understanding the carbon constraints. First, Exxon needs to minimize the additional costs more effectively than competitors. Second, differentiate their product by binding carbon credits into their offering. Then, Exxon needs to turn their capacity to supply carbon credits into a profit centre (Energy-Edge). Expand or Reduce Operations- Exxon is ramping up its oil exploration and drilling, and even worse, is looking to expand its leadership in exploiting Canada’s tar sands. They need to stop expanding and start reducing its operations. An expansion is increasing production capacity by 40 percent. But, the mining and processing of tar sands is highly destructive to the local environment and is an enormous generator of greenhouse gas emissions (Coop America). New Products or Services- Exxon has launched a new service called the fleet card program. The program offers a number of valuable features including: greater control over driver’s expenses, money-saving rebates on fuel purchases, special discounts on business-related products and services, innovative technology and the convenience of more than 16,000 Exxon and Mobil branded locations nationwide (All Business). Environmental Factors that Influence the Operation- The main environment factor is the climate change on the business from greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions. Exxon Mobile needs to view â€Å"carbon exposure† as more than just a key factor in future corporate competitiveness (Energy-edge). They need to use their profit money towards renewable energy research and development, to break individuals’ oil addiction and create a secure and green energy future for the US. (Coop America) Work at or Investing in Exxon- People should invest rather than work at Exxon Mobile. One reason is that Exxon is ranked number two in the Fortune 500. The world’s energy need, will increase in the near future. Growth in developing countries will drive most of this increase, but energy demand is expected to increase in the United States, too. (ExxonMobil) Exxon spends about $80billion to invest in future energy development.

Harrison Bergeron Essay

In the short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, Kurt Vonnegut portrays a society in which â€Å"everyone is equal†. Through the efforts of the Handicapper General, all persons who were endowed with anything more than moderate talents are forced to wear various devices meant to make everyone equal, intellectually and physically. Through showing his audience what a truly â€Å"equal† society could be, as well as how government could regulate equality, Kurt Vonnegut clearly makes the point that truly equality leads to a loss of true individuality within a society. Each person in society has talents that another does not, which is what creates diversity in our communities and careers. By removing this diversity from society by making every person equal, the government is inviting its own demise. The first example of how idealistic equality creates a lack of individuality is in the scene where George and Hazel Bergeron are watching ballerinas on television. George notes, â€Å"They weren’t really very good – no better than anybody else would have been, anyway†. By leveling the playing field, and forcing ballerinas to wear weights and masks to hide their talent and beauty, the Handicapper General has taken away from the dancers their unique talents for dancing and eliminating any competition between ballerinas. If all dancers must be equal, this eliminates the need for any one ballerina to spend extra time practicing, or trying to be a better ballerina. This, in turn, could create a less than desirable work ethic, as the ballerinas do not have to work as hard to be competitive. As Philip Fetzer explains, â€Å"†¦ even if it were possible to create a society based on equality of ability, it would not be desirable to do so. A society without differences of ability would generate no leaders, no great works of art or literature, no new ideas. The society would quickly stagnate†. The second instance in which Vonnegut shows his readers the impact of an equal society is when George and Hazel are talking about what society would be like without handicaps to make everyone equal. George cannot think for more than a few seconds at a time because of the handicap that he must wear in his ear, to distract him from his thoughts by blaring loud noises at random. All people who have above â€Å"average† intelligence are required to wear such a device to eliminate any unfair intellectual advantage over others. However, by scaring off the thoughts of truly intelligent people, the government is also creating a society in which nothing will ever change. Without the truly intelligent men and women in any society, there are no new inventions or new ideas that, in the past, have revolutionized a society. By making all people intellectually equal, the government and the society itself will remain unchanged and unadvanced. Ironically, George believes that without handicaps to keep everyone equal, â€Å"pretty soon we’d be right back to the dark ages again, with everybody competing against everybody else†. However, without competition, society would revert to the dark ages, unable to compete with other societies and develop new technology and innovation. As Christopher Alexion points out, human beings must be careful with creating equality, because of the risk of taking it â€Å"to extremes that eventually destroy whatever it was we were trying to protect. That’s why our efforts toward equality need vitally to be guided by a love of liberty. Naked equality is just another name for tyranny – for if everyone’s going to be equal in all aspects, then no one can really be free†. The final example of the effect of a truly equal society occurs when Harrison Bergeron appears on television with all of his clanking weights and extreme handicaps. Harrison is athletic and intelligent, and has an obscene amount of handicaps because of this. Harrison attempts to overthrow the government, by declaring himself â€Å"the Emperor†, and removing all of his handicaps, as well as those of his chosen Empress. By having independent thoughts and beliefs, Harrison leads his own revolution in an attempt to change society for the better. Harrison sees that the constant equality means that people are no longer competitive, and he decides to try to change that. However, he is killed by the government in the process, and any dreams of change die with him. As Steven Saus notes, â€Å"The maximization of human potential – and the potential of society – can only be achieved by allowing all individuals to have the best opportunity to succeed within the limits of their primary characteristics†. Any person who has new ideas or tries to initiate change within an equal society would be met with the same fate, and consequently, nothing would ever change. By creating a society in which every person is equal, Kurt Vonnegut is able to show his readers how devastating to a society equality could be. At a time when political correctness is a must, and society strives for equality, it is easy to see how true equality could lead to a lack of diversity and competition within a society. Although Vonnegut’s society was a fictional one, a society similar to the one in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† would become a stagnant and unmotivated environment, falling behind in innovation and invention. Ultimately, the equality in this story will lead to the demise of the society.

Alcoholic Anonymous Reaction Paper Essay

Recently, I attended an A. A. meeting, which stands for, alcoholic anonymous. The meeting I went to was located in Penfield, NY at 1601 Jackson Road, area code 14526. It was called the Yellow House. When I walked in, everyone was very welcoming and nice. Many people stared at me intensely as I entered the Yellow House. I think they thought I was a recovering alcoholic, until I explained to them later that I was there to listen and observe for a school project for my drugs and behavior class. The place was very cozy inside, had a number of chairs lined up for everyone to sit down and coffee ready to drink. I sat down in one of the chairs. A lady came up to me and handed me a coin that said â€Å"24 hours recovery†; this was before I had the chance to tell her that I was there to observe for a school project. I guess when you go to an alcoholic anonymous meeting for the first time you get awarded a 24 hour recovery coin to make you feel good and know you’re doing something good to help you recover from your alcoholic addiction. The meeting started promptly at 5:30 P. M. like it said it would. The leaders read out announcements and let everybody know if someone new has showed up. If you’re new joining alcoholics anonymous, you introduce yourself by saying your name and stating you are an alcoholic, and then everyone else in the room say â€Å"hi†¦Ã¢â‚¬  whatever your name is to make you feel welcome. Then the person can either talk more about why they came or stop talking and then another person will randomly say their name and why they are attending and so on. There was a vast majority of adults and older people in their 50s or 60s. There were a couple grandfathers, grandmothers and one or two kids my age. I sat next to a kid who was around the same age as me and I felt shocked that he would be attending this type of meeting at such a young age. As the stories from the crowd of people kept going on, I recognized everyone clapping very deliberately and diligent at everyone’s accomplishments for the most little to no importance scenarios, for instance, a man got up and said he had been sober for 90 days and everyone clapped for a really long time. I also realized everyone laughed at everything that was the least bit funny to make it feel like a warm, comfortable, atmosphere. There are meetings every night at this place in Penfield at 5:30 P. M. Each meeting has a different name every night. The meeting I went to was called a â€Å"First Step† meeting. It was for people attending the yellow house or an alcoholic anonymous meeting somewhere for the first time and admitting they are an alcoholic and that they want to get sober. When you start the program, you commit yourself to following a â€Å"12 step program† and attending 90 days of alcoholics anonymous. The first step states â€Å"We admitted we were powerless over alcohol-that our lives had become unmanageable. † And when you finish the program, you end with the last step, step number twelve, which states: â€Å"Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs. † Attending the alcoholics anonymous groups around the world has changed many recovering alcoholics lives and brought stability to their mind body and soul.

Understanding Of Literary Terms Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding Of Literary Terms - Term Paper Example The way O. Henry describes the apartment where the couple lives and the clothes that they wear are all depictions of poverty. The setting allows the readers to commune with the character’s problem of finding a way to finance the gift for their partner. The setting was relevant in building up the theme of the story because it underscored the fact that even though Jim and Delia were poor, they both have that ardent desire to give the best gift to each other. The setting makes the readers further realize the extent of the sacrifice that both Jim and Delia had to go through just to be able to give the gift that each one yearned so much. Giving up one’s most cherished possession is not easy but if it is done to bring joy to a loved one, the pain of separation from the possession becomes irrelevant. This situation was clearly shown in the story. The generosity of both characters is further magnified as the readers go through the plot of the story. The time frame used by O. He nry is Christmas Eve, another contributing factor to the theme of the narrative. The author could not have chosen a better time for the setting. Unselfish love is the very essence of Christmas which was shown by God in giving His Only Son as the Savior of the world. Gift-giving is also a Christmas tradition which was first demonstrated by the Three Kings on Christmas Eve (Smith, 2009). The Christmas setting indeed highlighted the couple’s role as â€Å"magi† to each other, each one giving the best gift that both could offer. The author uses irony in this classic Christmas story (Play: The Gift of the Magi, 2002). O. Henry describes Jim and Delia in the last paragraph as â€Å"two foolish children† but later on ironically calls them the â€Å"wisest† and the â€Å"magi†. The author presents the main theme of the story in the last paragraph, that of selfless

MGT WK3 GROUP ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT WK3 GROUP ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example This task is sub-divided into various duties and responsibilities pertaining to the corporation’s workforce. Stewart and Brown (2010) states that the human resource department usually plays a critical role in the organisation, which reflects on the bottom line of the organisation and it even contributes towards that achievement of the organisation strategic goals and missions. Mathis and Jackson (2010) further ads that the human resource management within an organisation can as well contribute to the competitive advantages of an organisation. In regards to the organising function of Microsoft Corporation’s human resource department it can be stated that the department organizes the workforce of the corporation by first ensuring that at all times the corporation has the right staff at the right place in all of its branches across the world. In this regard Stewart and Brown (2010), states that the department organises the recruitment and selection of best-qualified candidates who will work for the corporation in various capacities and who have the potential to help the corporation in achieving is strategic goals and objectives. Secondly, while organising the human resource of the corporation the department undertakes jobs analysis and descriptions in order to ensure that every member of the staff has a clear role in the corporation and that there is no collusion or replication of roles. Equally, during the job analysis, the department clearly outlines the requirements or qualifications that are required from employees in order to be able to perform certain duties and responsibilities as stipulated (Stewart and Brown, 2010)). According to Mathis and Jackson (2010), the human resource department is also tasked with the mandate of organising how each member of the staff will be compensated and they normally organize this

NURSING LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT FIELD EXPERIENCE Essay

NURSING LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT FIELD EXPERIENCE - Essay Example Much worse is the fact that many patients are missed out of diagnosis that will follow the emergency care of these patients (Attard Biancardi, 2013). The American cardiology college, American heart association and the European society of cardiology, jointly recommended the minimum time of intervention on ST elevated myocardial infarction patient as 90 minutes from the time of medical contact (Brodie, et al. 2010). They went further to make it a policy used to predetermine the quality performance on patients with myocardial infarction by hospitals. The findings on the hospital performance are recorded in the registry hence used to assess the performance of the respective hospitals. However, from records obtained from hospitals participating in the national registry of myocardial infarction, there is a small percentage of compliance to the guidelines. For instance in the year 2009, there was 35 percent of patients with ST elevated myocardial infarction attended to within the first 90 minutes and less than 15 percent of the participating hospitals had a median of 90 minutes in the time taken to attend to the these patients as Correi a, et al.(2013) observed . Willson et al. (2010) established that there are different subgroups of patients that are more susceptible to delays than others are. For example, most patients that are brought in during the off hours (weekends and during the night) experience more delays than those brought in during the day and the week. Second are the patients referred forms other facilities of acute care, since there is a problem in coordinating the two facilities on the emergency basis. According to the observations made by Cheskes et al. (2011), every minute of delay in patient with STEMI affects one-year mortality. In fact, the 1-year mortality rate is elevated by over 7.5 percent for every 30 minutes delay as observed by Pitta, et al. (2010). Explanation

Teenage pregnancy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teenage pregnancy - Term Paper Example According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the United States government could save $9 billion dollars annually if teenage pregnancy were prevented. As a result of increasing cases of teenage pregnancy, most of the funds are spent primarily in foster care, health care, and incarceration costs. Teenage pregnancy is a matter of concern in the State of Mississippi, which is among the top five states with the highest number of teenage pregnancies (Klemas et al., 2009). The majority of teenagers who were pregnant are those of non-Hispanic origin. In a survey study conducted in 2006, Mississippi was the leading in teenage pregnancies amongst the 50 states (Klemas et al., 2009). Additionally, Mississippi was the leading with teen births all over the country and it has led to a loss to the State government of Mississippi due to heavy spending on various programs aimed at addressing the challenges (Klemas et al., 2009). From the above discussion, teenage pregnancy is a topic o f concern in the American society. It has attracted the attention of all the stakeholders including the health, government, and nongovernmental organizations. Additionally, the government has spent considerable millions of dollars derived from the public funds to finance the health care and other incarnations related to teenage pregnancy (Klemas et al., 2009). Teenage pregnancy affects everybody, and its a duty of everyone to rally support to stop the issue. The most important solution to the problem includes the government use of resources to offer education to the targeted group and the use of media to educate and inform on the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy can stop if the government increases awareness amongst the targeted group through the use of its resources to campaign against the vice. Many of the teenage pregnancies are unplanned for and mostly occur due to poverty and lack of

Short Essay on Gender Stereotypes (450 words) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short on Gender Stereotypes (450 words) - Essay Example rest in issues related to punctuality attendance and priorities involving family concerns to undermine women’s capability in performance (McDermott, 2007, p31). In this context, women are assigned duties that limit their potential as certain responsibilities as managerial posts are left a reserve for men. In light of the above issue, when a man exhibits enthusiasm and drive to similar portfolios, his behavior would be granted as normal whereas to the female she might be branded as aggressive, which is attributed to outdated sex roles and socialization (Cranny-Francis, 2003, p45). However, the reality is that having more women in positions of power affects gender wage inequality as much of the gap in wages stem from occupational sorting Peterson (Cranny-Francis, 2003, p47). Therefore, placement of women in managerial and supervisory occupations should mitigate gender wage gap. Salaries of women in managerial and supervisory positions should also be updated and earn more wages than male employees who are their juniors. This will be a major step in eliminating female stereotyping that they are inferior to men. Currently, the increase of female managers in various organizations has been characterized by a decrease in the wage gap among managers. This is the reason as to why female manage rs still earn fewer wages and are less powerful than men (Cranny-Francis, 2003, p89). Women in the positions of power serve as mentors to other women. This can also mitigate gender difference through increasing number of women in positions of power. Placing women in managerial posts is necessary because, if inequality lessens under women, then existence of mentor women might have an unbalanced representation over time. Clothing is one is one of most visible consumption performing a major role in the social construction of identity. It is one of the most visible makers of social status and gender. Therefore, it is useful in maintaining or subverting symbolic boundaries. It has shown

French Existentialism Philosophers Essay Example for Free

French Existentialism Philosophers Essay Gabriel Marcel is known to be one of the more religious philosophers who was a French Existentialist. He was a committed Catholic Philosopher and he believed that by being connected to others he will be connected to god. He believed that philosophy should be about hope and wanted to portray the more positive aspects of human characteristics through his writings and thoughts. Marcel has a belief that problems and mysteries were two separate ideas where problems exist outside and apart from ourselves and mysteries were unsolved queries that were more internal to one’s self. For example determining what a body is, is a problem and determining what my body is, is a mystery. He believes that we can use primary and secondary reflections in order to seek a solution to the problem or mystery being faced with. Primary reflections use analytical skills to separate the thinker from the problematic object in order to find a resolution. Separating the thinker from the problem is important in order to effectively reflect and create intellectual and moral means to a solution. Primary reflections use means of abstracting data and using it in order to manipulate the world and deal with the problem that is not always black and white or a right or wrong answer. Primary reflection approaches problems from an objective standpoint where the thinker is separate from the problem while the secondary reflection begins with the experience of existence within the problem and is used with reflection of a mystery. The secondary reflection is open to contemplation by looking at it as a unique presence. The existence within the world is not a problem that needs to be solved because humans and their bodies are intrinsically related to the world and they are in relation to each other, not objects or problems that can be manipulated. Marcel believed that Philosophy is a part of reflecting on a mystery and the mystery requires participation of the person reflecting because it is an experience of presence itself. A mystery involves you as an intrinsical part of the question which is a question of yourself and requires a solution by secondary reflection. A question becomes a mystery when it takes itself into the subject. Marcel believes that humans are increasingly becoming defined by their problems which cause alienation of themselves from themselves and also causing separation from others. The questions of â€Å"being† and humans are mysteries within the Marcel philosophies. When something is recognized as â€Å"not being† it cannot be a mystery. As humans we have a need for â€Å"being† with â€Å"ontological exigence† which consumes â€Å"being† upsurges of joy, happiness, hopefulness, expectations and desires. â€Å"Being† as a human means existing and experiencing the world and the subjects within it. Having something means exercising power over that thing by possession and rights to those possessions. By having rights over a possession can also enables that person to have the ability of disposal of that subject as well. Having something is different from experiencing that thing, for example having a body is different form experiencing your body because you cannot rid yourself of your body without ceasing to be. Life is not identical to a person’s â€Å"being† because â€Å"being† is the whole self which is more than life and it is what a person aspires to be. Humans can only evoke the fullness of â€Å"being† by engaging with others and coming together as a community. Marcel promotes the idea of living I-Thou which opens up and enhances a person’s â€Å"being† which God being the ultimate Thou. The I-Thou idea requires a person to be open to the â€Å"being† of others within their lives and not living only for themselves. Marcel has an interesting stance on the subject of love and how it should be defined. He believes that love has to do with inner subjectivity and it is about seeking and experiencing the â€Å"being† of the other. Love is not about possession or having another person which is commonly thought to be the main definition of what love means. Marcel believes that a self does not love, but it is the self that is constituted by love. When we attach predicates to a thou we limit our love for another and it’s trust and faith which constitutes love in the â€Å"being† of the other. I always thought that love had to do with possessing and labeling a person or subject as yours. However, Marcel’s philosophy on love has changed my point of view into believing that love is about fully accepting a person as who they are instead of trying to possess them and changing them into being an object of your desire and control. Part B: In Simone Beauvoir’s writing of The Ethics of Ambiguity she begins to elaborate on ethics and the importance of a moral obligation to overcome oppression. Moral acts and willing one’s self free is an obligation of a person in order to become a moral person. With moral freedom a person is not free unless they can deal with free individuals. We all should strive for our freedom as well as the freedom of others and the freedom of all. The freedom to choose is shaped by social and political freedom of people. Beauvoir believes that in order to free all we must take a stand for justice especially in the political sense. We ought to respect freedom when it serves freedom, but not when freedom distances itself from itself. For example when freedom is used in the oppression and the abuse of others, we ought not to respect it in cases such as a dictatorship oppressing the freedom of its people. Oppressing an oppressor is justified even when it requires violence and in cases of people rising up and rebelling the person or the system that has been oppressing them it is justifiable. In such cases casualties of war with sacrifices is justified when fighting for freedom because it makes it a just war. Simone Beauvoir states â€Å"the truth is that if division and violence define war, the world has always been at war and will always be; if man is waiting for universal peace in order to establish his existence validly, he will wait indefinitely: there will never be any other future. † (Beauvoir ) With this she means that if the only reasons for war are for violence to annihilate the other opponent because of division then war will never end and people will never reach complete liberation. However, oppressing and oppressor should never be driven by blind faith. The actions must be considered fully well and deliberate over choice. Each circumstance should be considered on a case by case basis and analyzed by practical problems. Ethics emphasize physical and social interaction in relation to other human beings because of freedom. Authentic morality involves engagement with the world that is not abstract intellectualism. People who sit by and talk about the problems and the circumstances that accustom the world are not engaging with the world directly. Beauvoir stresses that in order to achieve authentic morality people must do something to engage with the world not intellectualize the problems within it. Humans have a moral commitment to liberate the oppressed individuals because it causes limited liberation of their own freedom. Oppressed individuals may not even know that they are being oppressed and this why it is important for others to enlighten them and help them become liberated from their situation. With an oppressed individual, their own judgment that they are oppressed is what counts and this is why it’s an obligation of others who recognize the oppression to give them knowledge of their situation. Oppressed people are cut off from the future without the power of liberation to decide what is next for them in their lives. With liberation a person must be able to question values and oppressed individuals are not able to do this. Being oppressed does not gain moral character because character is not built by suffering. A person cannot say that they are a strong person because they have been accepting oppression and the suffering that comes with it. A person is strong when they take a stand for their liberation and fight for their own values as well as the liberation of others. However, power is limited within liberation, Beauvoir enforces this by stating that â€Å"to be free is not to have the power to do anything you like; it is to be able to surpass the given toward an open future; the existence of others as a freedom defines my situation and is even the condition of my own freedom. † (Beauvoir ) Power is a foundation of moral freedom and in order to engage the world a person must have power, but it is a limited power. Not only individuals of the world, but state also has an obligation to ensure that it’s people have a minimum level of well-being because this is necessary to freely act within the world. External help is needed in order to alleviate oppression and once an oppressed individual is placed within the presence of freedom they must pursue freedom for themselves and one cannot force freedom upon them or it would not be recognized as freedom at all. Works cited Beauvoir, S. D. The Works of Simone de Beauvoir. Zuubooks. com, 2010. Print. Marcel, Gabriel. A Gabriel Marcel Reader. 1st edition. St. Augustines Press, 2011. Print.

Assessing The Strengths And Limitations Of Crimes Criminology Essay

Assessing The Strengths And Limitations Of Crimes Criminology Essay Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime: (1) I will be assessing the strengths and limitations of using social surveys to investigate fear of crime. One form of social surveys is questionnaires. It includes a list of written questions. The strengths of these are that the researcher is able to contact a large number of people quickly and efficiently. Another strength of questionnaires is that they explore certain areas more then other methods i.e. crime. The questionnaire can be anonymous which means people can answer them privately. This increases the chances of people answering questions honestly because they will not be intimidated by the presence of a researcher. When questionnaires are used to investigate the fear if crime, it is found that men are more likely to actually become victims of crime. Although women are reported to have a higher level of fear then men are. A limitation of questionnaires is that they include closed questions, which the researcher cannot examine complex issues and go into detail. Issues maybe such as hegemonic definitions of masculinity when men are being questioned about their fear of crime, they tend to hold back. Whereas, women are free to express and can sometimes exaggerate. Another type of social survey is structured interviews. The strengths are that the researcher can explore in depth a particular topic and find out the how the respondent feels towards the topic. For example; crime victimisation and fears of crime. Because women have a higher level of fear then men they tend to stay indoors rather then go out. According to Cohen society is the subject of such periods of moral panic. In his book Folk devils and moral panics: the creation of mods and rockers. A moral panic is a societal response to beliefs about the treats from moral deviants. Cohen used this term as a form of collective behaviour i.e. when a person or a group of people are performing a deviant act which is seen as a threat to society. This is then portrayed by the media and included in newspapers. This moral panic can have an impact on how people view crime in society and begin to feel a fear towards it. Looking at both types of social surveys that I have mentioned, I have found out that structured interviews are more useful when it comes to investigating fears of crime then questionnaires. This is because structured interviews are much more powerful, they provide a reliable response and is more valid then questionnaires. Patterns of crime: (a) Two advantages of using official statistics to measure crime is that, one it gives a general picture of trends in crime. Politicians and the mass media often point to increases or decreases in official figures as a measure of the governments success in tackling crime. Each party places their own interpretation of what the statistics could mean. However, official statistics does show a fear of crime rising. Researchers Pantazis and Gordon (1999) found out the poor are most likely to fear crime. They did a study on household surveys, found out those with the lowest were most likely to fear crime and those with the highest incomes were actually likely, to become victims of crime. Another advantage is that they are readily available. They are accessible for the police and everyone and are cheap to gather information from. (b) I will examining the view that deviance can best be explained by reference to an individuals social background. I will be using material from these areas education and families and households. Charles Murray (1990) a New Right sociologist argues that deviance can be found in those who are from underclass backgrounds. In both British and American society which have a distinct culture and value system. However, Miller (1962) thought crime and delinquency came from the working class cultural values. He said that the lower working class culture was what encouraged lawbreaking behaviour. According to him values passed from each generation encourages working class men to break the law. Delinquency was then formed from this culture. Because of working class deviant behaviour, they did not achieve well in education and so looked at other ways of gaining some form of success. The working class suffer from status frustration, which means that they find it hard to gain success and so turn t o illegitimate ways. Where in this case, they turn to crime eventually. Family can also influence a persons ability to turn to crime. The type of family that you are born into or live in can determine whether you turn to crime or not. Mostly working class people from single-parent families, where they are a lack of male role models, turn to deviant behaviour such as gang violence. Also laws broken in the family can lead to family breakdown and so lead to anomie. However, Functionists Durkheim explained that a little amount of crime is good and necessary in society. This is because crime has a function in society, it allows for social change to occur. Crime can move from functional to dysfunctional when down to the level of crime is either too high or too low. (c) I will be assessing the view that interactionist explanations of crime and deviance fail to consider the reality of crime as measured in official statistics. Firstly, I will be explaining the interactionists explanation of crime and deviance. Interactionist theory became significant in the study of crime and deviance in the 1960s. They are mostly concerned with the meaning people attach to events or people and so study the societal reaction to deviant behaviour. Unlike positivists, their theory assumes that criminals and deviants are somehow different from non-criminals and non-deviants. They dont look at causal factors in the background or social characteristics of individuals and groups, but look at the process of social interaction in which some actions, individuals and groups were labelled as deviant yet others were not. Interactionists are different to other sociological approaches; they are concerned more about the internal factors. People are social actors, they have the ability to do more than simply react to external social pressures. Unlike positivists approaches, they dont see people as largely passive in the way their behaviour is a response to social forces. Interactionists place on the approach the idea that people attach meanings to behaviour. They want to find out why some groups and some behaviour are more likely than others to have the meaning crime or deviance attached to them. Labelling is one of the most basic aspects of human understanding. Howard Becker (1963) gave the best view on labelling theory. He believed that there is no such thing as a deviant act, it is behaviour that other people label others. Informal labelling happens all the time i.e. in school. But formal labelling can only be applied someone by the authority. However, master labels i.e. being called a criminal can take on a huge effect, once applied it is difficult to live down. From some master labels, some people can be stigmatised and rejected from society. This can lead to crime and can take on a self-fulfilling prophecy approach. Edwin Lemmert distinguished primary from secondary deviance. Primary deviance meaning deviant acts before they are being labelled. I.e. teenagers who commit some acts that leads to being called a delinquent. Secondary deviance is produced by the reaction to an act and public labelling. It is far more important than primary deviance because, it is the effect on a persons self-image of the reaction of society. Lemmert did a study on stuttering amongst a group of Native Americans who didnt have the ability to speak publicly. A person who stuttered a little would attract attention from others, which would then make the problem worse. A primary deviance which is lead to a secondary deviance from the reactions of people in society. To help assess this view I will be using Jock Youngs research study. Young did a study on hippies they were viewed negatively by the police because of their unusual lifestyle which was seen as deviant to them. They were involved in little criminal activity and minor use of marijuana. But once they were caught hard by the police, marijuana began to be much more important and was used frequently. This was caused from greater deviance from the police which put pressure on the hippies to become more deviant then at they were at the beginning. Another research study from Stan Cohen on mods and rockers. Official statistics are a form of secondary data. They are published by the Home Office and give information on the numbers of different types of crimes committed and the social background of offenders. Official statistics are publishes annually. The advantages of official statistics are that they are already available to access as well being cheap. Positivists find it of great use as it helps to explain patterns of criminal behaviour. The official statistics is a large sample, all recorded crimes in the UK are included. Because these statistics are produced every year it now follows a long history, so sociologists find it very useful to compare data over a period of time. However, criticisms from official statistics are mainly from Interactionists. They argue that these statistics are socially constructed. Although they are interested in finding out how this happens, they dont see how the statistics can be seen as real. Also crime statistics are produced by those in social control such as the police and can include those who might or might not be labelled as deviant. Cicourel criticises official statistics by saying that the working class youths who are arrested by the police were likely to be labelled as delinquents. This is because they fitted the polices idea of a typical delinquent while the middle class were able to negotiate. Working class youth are overly represented in official statistics and so could be the result of the process of negotiation happening through interaction through the police.